An Early Christian Gold and Glass Cross Pendant, Byzantine Empire, ca. 4th century CE

This fine high-carat gold cross features a circular openwork border with intricate filigree twisted wire. At the center, a deep ruby-red glass cabochon is inlaid, symbolizing the blood of Christ. Each arm of the cross is decorated with a double-plaited rope design that is framed on both sides with plain wire. A small gold orb is featured at the end of each terminal. Above the pendant, a ribbed suspension loop completes the design.

This powerful symbol of early Christianity has a dual meaning. Firstly, each gold orb of the cross and the fine inlay at the center represent "The 5 Stigmata" or five wounds of Christ. The top represents the wound from the crown of thorns, the two sides the nails in his hands, the bottom, the nails in his feet, and finally, the center, the spear wound in his side. Secondly, they also represent the 5 wells: "the Well of Pity, the Well of Mercy, the Well of Grace, the Well of Comfort," and "the Well of Everlasting Life." 

Published: Fortuna Fine Arts, A Golden Past: Jewelry from the Ancient World, New York: 1990, p. 42, no. 199 (part).

Medium: Gold, glass

Dimensions: Pendant height:  7/8 inch (2.22 cm) 

Condition: The pendant is intact and in very good condition overall, with minor signs of ancient wear that do not detract. It has been restrung as a necklace on a modern 18K yellow gold chain that can be adjusted up to 18 inches.

Provenance: Fortuna Fine Arts, New York, 1990 (A Golden Past: Jewelry from the Ancient World, p. 42, no. 199). (a special exhibition catalogue prepared by jewelry historian Jack Ogden, Cambridge, UK)